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Rapid and equivalent systemic bioavailability of the antidotes HI-6 and dicobalt edetate via the intraosseous and intravenous routes

Lookup NU author(s): Dr Simon Hill, Professor Simon ThomasORCiD, Emeritus Professor Paul FlecknellORCiD, Dr Aurelie Thomas, Dr Christopher Morris, David Henderson, Dr Michael Dunn, Professor Peter Blain

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Abstract

Background Rapid and effective administration of antidotes by emergency medical responders is needed to improve the survival of patients severely poisoned after deliberate release of chemical weapons, but intravenous access is difficult to obtain while wearing personal protective equipment and in casualties with circulatory collapse. To test the hypothesis that rapid and substantial bioavailability of the antidotes HI-6 oxime and dicobalt edetate can be achieved via the intraosseous (IO) route, plasma concentration-time profiles of these antidotes were compared after administration by the intravenous and IO routes in a minipig animal model.Methods 12 male Gottingen minipigs were randomly allocated to receive 7.14 mg/kg of HI-6 (by rapid bolus) then 4.28 mg/kg of dicobalt edetate (over 1 min) via the intravenous or IO route. Plasma concentrations of each antidote were measured over 360 min following administration and plasma concentration-time profiles plotted for each drug by each route.Results Peak HI-6 and cobalt concentrations occurred within 2 min of administration by both the intravenous and IO routes. Mean areas under the concentration-time curves (SD) to the end of the experiment (area under the concentration-time curve, AUC (0-t)) for cobalt were 430 (47, intravenous) and 445 (40, IO) mu g-min/mL (mean difference 15, 95% CI-41 to 70, p=0.568) and for HI-6 were 2739 (1038, intravenous) and 2772 (1629, IO) mu g-min/mL (mean difference 0.33, 95% CI - 1724 to 1790, p=0.97). Increases in heart rate (by 50 beats/min intravenous and 27 beats/min IO) and BP, (by 67/58 mm Hg intravenous and 78/59 mm Hg IO), were observed after dicobalt edetate, consistent with the known adverse effects of this antidote.Discussion This study demonstrates rapid and similar systemic bioavailability of HI-6 and dicobalt edetate when given by the IO and intravenous routes. IO delivery of these antidotes is appropriate in the acute management of patients with organophosphate and cyanide intoxication when the intravenous route is impractical.

Publication metadata

Author(s): Hill SL, Thomas SHL, Flecknell PA, Thomas AA, Morris CM, Henderson D, Dunn M, Blain PG

Publication type: Article

Publication status: Published

Journal: Emergency Medicine Journal

Year: 2015

Volume: 32

Issue: 8

Pages: 626-631

Print publication date: 01/08/2015

Online publication date: 20/11/2014

Acceptance date: 11/10/2014

ISSN (print): 1472-0205

ISSN (electronic): 1472-0213

Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2014-204171

DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2014-204171

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