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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
© The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology.STUDY QUESTION: Can a core outcome set be developed through a global consensus to standardize outcome selection, collection, comparison, and reporting in future male infertility trials? SUMMARY ANSWER: A minimum dataset, known as a 'core outcome set', has been developed for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews evaluating potential interventions for male infertility. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Numerous factors, including a failure to consider the perspectives of men with lived experiences of infertility or their partners when developing and conducting RCTs can limit their clinical utility. Selection of outcomes, variations in outcome definitions, and the selective reporting of outcomes based on statistical analysis make the results of infertility research challenging to interpret, compare, and implement. For male infertility, this is further compounded by there being potentially three participants, the male, their female partner, and any offspring born, all with outcomes to be reported. This has led to significant heterogeneity in trial design and reporting. While a core outcome set for general infertility trials has been developed, there is no such outcome set for male infertility trials. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: A two-round Delphi survey (334 participants from 39 countries) and consensus development workshops (44 participants from 21 countries). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Healthcare professionals, researchers, and men and women with infertility were brought together in a transparent process using formal consensus science methods. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The core outcome set for male infertility trials has been developed by the inclusion of specific male-factor outcomes in addition to the general infertility core outcome set. These outcomes include assessment of semen using the World Health Organization recommendations for semen analysis; viable intrauterine pregnancy confirmed by ultrasound (accounting for singleton, twin, and higher multiple pregnancies); pregnancy loss (accounting for ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, stillbirth, and termination of pregnancy); live birth; gestational age at delivery; birthweight; neonatal mortality; and major congenital anomaly. Although not a requirement as part of the core outcome set, other outcomes were identified as potentially useful in certain study settings. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: We used consensus development methods in this work, which have inherent limitations, including the representativeness of the participant sample, Delphi survey attrition, and an arbitrary consensus threshold. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Embedding the core outcome set within RCTs and systematic reviews should ensure the comprehensive selection, collection, and reporting of core outcomes, which are inconsistently reported at present. Research funding bodies, the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) statement, and over 80 specialty journals, including the Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group, Fertility and Sterility and Human Reproduction, have committed to implementing this core outcome set for male infertility trials.
Author(s): Rimmer MP, Howie RA, Anderson RA, Barratt CLR, Barnhart KT, Beebeejaun Y, Bertolla RP, Bortoletto P, Brannigan RE, Cantineau AEP, Caroppo E, Collura BL, Coward K, Duncan WC, Eisenberg ML, Gellatly SA, De Geyter C, Goulis DG, Henkel RR, Ho VNA, Hussein AF, Huyser C, Kadijk JH, Kamath MS, Khashaba S, Khattak H, Kobori Y, Kopeika J, Kucuk T, Lujan S, Matsaseng TC, Mathur RS, Mceleny K, Mitchell RT, Mol BW, Murage AM, Ng EHY, Pacey A, Perheentupa AH, Du Plessis S, Rives N, Sarris I, Schlegel PN, Shabbir M, Smiechowski M, Subramanian V, Sunkara SK, Tarlarzis BC, Tuttelmann F, Vail A, Van Wely M, Vazquez-Levin MH, Vuong LN, Wang AY, Wang R, Duffy JMN, Farquhar CM, Niederberger C
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Human Reproduction
Year: 2025
Volume: 40
Issue: 5
Pages: 865-875
Online publication date: 16/04/2025
Acceptance date: 06/05/2025
Date deposited: 20/05/2025
ISSN (print): 0268-1161
ISSN (electronic): 1460-2350
Publisher: Oxford University Press
URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deaf039
DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaf039
Data Access Statement: The data underlying this article are available in the article and in its online supplementary material.
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