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From Camera Image to Active Target Tracking: Modelling, Encoding and Metrical Analysis for Unmanned Underwater Vehicles

Lookup NU author(s): Sam Appleby, Dr Giacomo BergamiORCiD, Dr Gary Ushaw

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

Abstract

Marine mammal monitoring, a growing field of research, is critical to cetacean conservation. Traditional ‘tagging’ attaches sensors such as GPS to such animals, though these are intrusive and susceptible to infection and, ultimately, death. A less intrusive approach exploits UUV commanded by a human operator above ground. The development of AI for autonomous underwater vehicle navigation models training environments in simulation, providing visual and physical fidelity suitable for sim-to-real transfer. Previous solutions, including UVMS and L2D, provide only satisfactory results, due to poor environment generalisation while sensors including sonar create environmental disturbances. Though rich in features, image data suffer from high dimensionality, providing a state space too great for many machine learning tasks. Underwater environments, susceptible to image noise, further complicate this issue. We propose SWiMM2.0, coupling a Unity simulation modelling of a BLUEROV UUV with a DRL backend. A pre-processing step exploits a state-of-the-art CMVAE, reducing dimensionality while minimising data loss. Sim-To-Real generalisation is validated by prior research. Custom behaviour metrics, unbiased to the naked eye and unprecedented in current ROV simulators, link our objectives ensuring successful ROV behaviour while tracking targets. Our experiments show that SAC maximises the former, achieving near-perfect behaviour while exploiting image data alone.

Publication metadata

Author(s): Appleby S, Bergami G, Ushaw G

Publication type: Article

Publication status: Published

Journal: AI

Year: 2025

Volume: 6

Issue: 4

Online publication date: 07/04/2025

Acceptance date: 31/03/2025

Date deposited: 07/04/2025

ISSN (electronic): 2673-2688

Publisher: MDPI AG

URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ai6040071

DOI: 10.3390/ai6040071

Data Access Statement: The dataset associated with the presented experiments was available online the 21 March 2025: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/7KS2C.

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