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Lookup NU author(s): Dr Shuo LiORCiD, Dr Yanghanzi ZhangORCiD, Simon Edwards
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
This real-world investigation aimed to quantify the human–machine interaction between remote drivers of teleoperation systems and the Level 4 automated vehicle in a real-world setting. The primary goal was to investigate the effects of disengagement and distraction on remote driver performance and behaviour. Key findings revealed that mental disengagement, achieved through distraction via a reading task, significantly slowed the remote driver’s reaction time by an average of 5.309 s when the Level 4 automated system required intervention. Similarly, disengagement resulted in a 4.232 s delay in decision-making time for remote drivers when they needed to step in and make critical strategic decisions. Moreover, mental disengagement affected the remote drivers’ attention focus on the road and increased their cognitive workload compared to constant monitoring. Furthermore, when actively controlling the vehicle remotely, drivers experienced a higher cognitive workload than in both “monitoring” and “disengagement” conditions. The findings emphasize the importance of designing teleoperation systems that keep remote drivers actively engaged with their environment, minimise distractions, and reduce disengagement. Such designs are essential for enhancing safety and effectiveness in remote driving scenarios, ultimately supporting the successful deployment of Level 4 automated vehicles in real-world applications.
Author(s): Li S, Zhang Y, Edwards S, Blyth P
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Electronics
Year: 2024
Volume: 13
Issue: 22
Online publication date: 07/11/2024
Acceptance date: 05/11/2024
Date deposited: 21/02/2025
ISSN (electronic): 2079-9292
Publisher: MDPI
URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13224366
DOI: 10.3390/electronics13224366
Data Access Statement: The data are available on request to the corresponding author.
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